ATVs Explained: All About the Drive System

While it might not be as glamorous as discussing your ATV’s engine power, transferring that power to the tires is just as crucial. ATVs (All-Terrain Vehicles) require a reliable power transfer to get and keep them moving, which is where their drive systems come into play. These systems convert engine power into motion, and there are a few different types used in ATVs.

In this article, we’ll explore three common ATV drive systems, explaining how they work and the pros and cons of each. We’ll begin with the tried-and-true chain drive and end with the more modern shaft drive.

Chain Drives

Chain-driven ATVs use a metal chain to connect the engine to the rear wheels. The chain wraps around a sprocket on the transmission’s output shaft (called the countershaft) and another sprocket on the rear axle, which rotates the tires.

When you press the throttle, the countershaft spins, turning the chain and powering the wheels.

Maintaining a chain drive involves regularly adjusting the chain to keep it properly tensioned, cleaning it to remove dirt and grime, and occasionally lubricating it. Modern chains are sealed, so keeping them clean is more important than constantly applying lubricant. Failure to clean can lead to an abrasive buildup that quickly wears out the chain.

Today, chain-driven systems are generally reserved for sport ATVs and very entry-level machines due to their simplicity and low cost.

Belt Drives

Belt-driven ATVs function similarly to chain drives but use a reinforced belt instead of a metal chain. This type of drive is quieter, smoother, and requires less maintenance. You’ll often find belt drives on utility ATVs or models designed for work use or trail riding. Belts tend to last longer than chains, and the sprockets don’t wear out as quickly either.

Maintaining a belt drive involves checking the belt for wear and damage, adjusting the tension, and replacing it if it’s cracked or worn. Belts are generally reliable but do have a lifespan, so it’s recommended that riders with belt-driven machines carry a spare belt on longer rides, just in case.

Shaft Drives

Shaft drives are generally considered an extension of belt drives. In these systems, a shaft runs from the transmission (usually a CVT) to the rear axle, transferring power to the tires. The driveshaft connects to a ring and pinion gear assembly inside a housing filled with gear oil. This setup is sealed and requires very little maintenance.

Shaft drives are commonly found on utility ATVs (and UTVs) used for heavy-duty work. They are also found on some low-end machines due to their simplicity and the availability of off-the-shelf parts. While shaft-driven systems are low-maintenance and durable, they can be more expensive and challenging to repair if something goes wrong, as they involve more components like universal joints and gears.